History (c) 1988, by Weyland Smith and The Rocky Mountain Pagan Journal "Mommy, how old are we?" Does our faith come down to us in Apostolic succession from "that time whereof the memory of man runneth not to the contrary", or was our religion dreamed up in the nineteen forties by a retired British civil servant with the collaboration of a dying heroin addict and poet? Does it really matter? To what extent the modern practitioners of paganism may lay a just claim to the mantle of their predecessors from the twelfth century has been a matter of great debate both within and without the Craft community almost from the moment Gerald Gardner published _Witchcraft Today in 1954.*1* Though the debate is continued with somewhat less fervor today than it was in the 1960s, it has never wholly ceased and it continues to be a Crisis of Faith which besets many practitioners of paganism every year. It can be a troubling question to face, especially if one's early teachers tried to justify their credentials by claiming that what they taught had great antiquity. The question isn't any easier to answer with truth or objectivity when there is a bunch of radical fundamentalists running around seeking to claim that we aren't really a religion and so of course we aren't entitled to protection under the First Amendment. It is a sign of progress, I think, that there seems to be less of that sort of teaching today than there was when I began my studies. Today most of the teachers that I know are secure enough in their religion that they can face the staggering thought that the ethical and philosophical system that guides their lives may indeed be younger than some of them are. The plain fact is that we simply don't know. Gerald Gardner and Charles Leland*2* may have tried to palm fiction off on the world as fact. It's certainly been tried before--and since. On the other hand, they may each have been reporting the truth as they found it. It certainly is a fact that no one I know has ever come across any Book of Shadows that dates before the beginning of this century. Presumably, if one exists, say in the British Museum, it would have become known to scholars looking into the subject over the last half century. Granted that there was less burning in England than elsewhere in Europe, but there was enough that surely some physical evidence would have survived in the hands of the government if nowhere else. The Vatican Library, of course may yet turn up such a relic. Their failure to do so at this time can be explained as easily by the lack of such a document as by a possible desire to suppress it. We may never know that one, but when push comes to shove, does it really matter? Thomas Jefferson, speaking on the question of whether black colonial slaves were Americans or not is said to have remarked "They're people and they're here. If there's any other requirement, I haven't heard of it." Perhaps we might paraphrase Jefferson a bit and remark that the modern practitioners of Witchcraft are undeniably here and a large number of them are sincere in their beliefs. That in itself should qualify us as a religion. Perhaps as important as the legal question is our own self image. Would a "real witch" from the middle ages recognize or disown one of her sisters of today? Would she want to go with a "New Age" circle, a Dianic grove, a Gardnerian coven, or would she laugh hysterically at the bunch of us and walk off into the sunset? While the antiquity of our current practice of witchcraft shouldn't be a matter of serious concern, to us _or to our detractors, its authenticity should be. The search for our roots must continue to be pursued by serious scholars and magicians alike in order that we may come as close as possible to the ideals and purposes of our ancient predecessors. There is a very practical reason why this is so. That reason is tied up in something called an _egregore. On the subject of an egregore, I would like to quote extensively from a recent article in _Gnosis by Gaetan Delaforge: ..."An egregore is a kind of group mind which is created when people consciously come together for a common purpose. Whenever people gather together to do something and egregore is formed, but unless an attempt is made to maintain it deliberately it will dissipate rather quickly. However if the people wish to maintain it and know the techniques of how to do so, the egregore will continue to grow in strength and can last for centuries. An egregore has the characteristic of having an effectiveness greater than the mere sum of its individual members. It continuously interacts with its members, influencing them and being influenced by them. The interaction works positively by stimulating and assisting its members but only as long as they behave and act in line with its original aim. It will stimulate both individually and collectively all those faculties in the group which will permit the realization of the objectives of its original program. If this process is continued a long time the egregore will take on a kind of life of its own, and can become so strong that even if all its members should die, it would continue to exist on the inner dimensions and can be contacted even centuries later by a group of people prepared to live the lives of the original founders, particularly if they are willing to provide the initial input of energy to get it going again. If the egregore is concerned with spiritual or esoteric activities its influence will be even greater. People who discover the keys can tap in on a powerful egregore representing, for example, a spiritual or esoteric tradition, will, if they follow the line described above by activating and maintaining such an egregore, obtain access to the abilities, knowledge, and drive of all that has been accumulated in that egregore since its beginnings. A group or order which manages to do this can, with a clear conscience, claim to be an authentic order of the tradition represented by that egregore. In my view this is the only yardstick by which a genuine Templar order should be measured."*3* Mr. Delaforge was writing about the Knights Templar and the various groups claiming to represent it in modern times, but the parallel with ancient witchcraft and the many diverse groups claiming to represent it today is obvious. I hope the benefit to be gained by reconstructing as faithfully as possible the attitudes and goals of our ancient brethren is equally obvious. In her books "The Sea Priestess" and "Moon Magic", Dion Fortune was demonstrating this technique. Vivien LeFay Morgan was attempting nothing less than the reactivation of the egregore of the Atlantean priesthood. When Gerald Gardner published "Witchcraft Today", he embarked upon the outward steps of his part of the reactivation of the egregore of the old witch cult in western Europe. The inward steps were probably begun by one or more of the magical lodges of the early twentieth century, most likely Dion Fortune's Society of the Inner Light during its "pagan phase" in the late twenties and thirties.*4* Gardner's public works served to bring the reactivated egregore into contact with an increasingly receptive populace where it could gather unto itself the additional psychic energy it needed to become once again a viable force in the world. How well it has achieved this end is to be observed by anyone with the eyes to see. I personally think that our job in this generation is to deepen and strengthen our ties with this newly reawakened force in the world; to learn from it and to draw inspiration from it, and to bring the Craft back from the status of a "cult" to that of a genuine religion. To do this we must learn more of the goals, ideals, and ambitions of our brothers and sisters who have gone before--as they really were, not as we would like them to have been. Please note that the idea is not necessarily to recreate the _practices of our predecessors, particularly if we are talking about things like blood sacrifice. One should note that this practice was followed by the jews in biblical times, but that in modern times they don't do it. This does not keep the modern jew from interacting with the egregore of his ancient faith. Judaism has surely progressed since the time of the Ceasars, so has the Craft. The idea, when activating and interacting with an egregore is to re-create the _goals and _attitudes of the founders. That doesn't freeze the practitioner into practices which have long since been outgrown. What I think we need now is more real scholarship. What did Samhain really mean to our predecessors; or Beltane; or Imbolc? Not only how did they celebrate it, but how did they _feel about it? Platitudes about "fruitfulness and fertility" are simply too superficial. This is not made any easier by the fact that these observances were pastoral and agricultural while most of us are city dwellers who do well to keep a potted plant alive through one summer. An attempt in this direction was made by the Holy Order of Saint Brigit near Fort Morgan, Colorado about ten years ago. The farm is gone now and its residents are scattered, yet it cannot be said to have entirely failed of its purpose. Many of the former participants in the experiments can be found today, quietly practicing the Craft. This is not to say that we all should sell our goods, quit our jobs, and move out into communes somewhere, but we must at the least establish close enough contact with the harsh realities of this world that we can appreciate how frightening the onset of winter must have been to those who had no central heating, food stores or welfare to fall back upon. When we have done this, we will, perhaps, be able to recapture the mindset of the Priestess at Samhain. These truths are not to be found in the Fantasy fiction section of B. Dalton's, but in the history and anthropology libr- aries of our local universities. The reading is much dryer and less fun, but it talks about the people as they really were. It isn't a fantasy world to hide from reality in, but neither is it a dead end. It can take us back in time and forward in our understanding so that we may really contact the ancient religion of witchcraft as it was, learn from it, and pass it on, rejuvenated and strengthened to our children. Notes 1. Gerald B. Gardner, _Witchcraft _Today, (London: Rider and Company, 1954) reprinted (New York: Citadel Press, 1971) 2. Charles Godfrey Leland, _Aradia, _or _Gospel _of _the _Witches, (London: David Nutt, 1899; reprinted (New York: Samuel Weiser, 1974) 3. Gaetan Delaforge, _Gnosis, "The Templar Tradition: yesterday and today", No. 6, (Winter 1988), pp 8-13. 4. Alan Richardson, _Dancers _to _the _Gods, (London: The Aquarian Press, 1985) History of Witchcraft As I am trying to put this all together, I hope to bring about an understanding that Witchcraft, like any religion, has undergone it's changes throughout the centuries. It is my personal feeling, however, that the religion of Witchcraft has undergone far fewer changes than any other in history. As the song sung by Neil Diamond starts: " Where it began, I can't begin to knowin..." Witchcraft, sorcery, magic, whatever can only begin to find its roots when we go back as far as Mesopotamia. With their deities for all types of disasters, such as Utug - the Dweller of the Desert waiting to take you away if you wandered to far, and Telal - the Bull Demon, Alal - the destroyer, Namtar - Pestilence, Idpa - fever, and Maskim - the snaresetter; the days of superstitution were well underway. It was believed that the pharaohs, kings, etc. all imbued some power of the gods, and even the slightest movement they made would cause an action to occur. It was believed that a picture, or statue also carried the spirit of the person. This is one of the reasons that they were carried from place to place, and also explains why you see so many pictures and statues of these persons with their hands straight to their sides. In the Bible, we find reference to "The Tower of Babel" or The Ziggurat in Genesis 11. "Now the whole world had one language and a common speech. As men moved eastward, they found a plain in Shinar (Babylonia) and settled there. They said to each other, `Come, let's make bricks and bake them thoroughly.' They used brick instead of stone, and tar instead of mortar. Then they said, `Come, let us build ourselves a city, with a tower that reaches to the heavens, so that we may make a name for ourselves and not be scattered over the face of the whole earth.' But the Lord came down to see the city and the tower that the men were building. The Lord said,`If as one people speaking the same language they have begun to do this, then nothing they plan to do will be impossible for them. Come let us go down and confuse their language so they will not understand each other.'" It goes on to say that the tower was never finished. In other references, we find that the "Tower" was in fact finished, and that it was a tower that represented the "stages" between earth and heaven (not a tower stretching to the heaven in the literal sense.) From this reference, it was a tower built in steps. A hierarchy on which heaven and hell were based. It was actually a miniature world representing the Mountain of Earth. Each stage was dedicated to a planet, with its angles symbolizing the four corners of the world. They pointed to Akkad, Saburtu, Elam, and the western lands. The seven steps of the tower were painted in different colors which corresponded to the planets. The "Great Misfortune:, Saturn, was black. The second was white, the color of Jupiter. The third, brick-red, the color of Mercury, followed by blue, Venus; yellow, Mars, gray or silver for the moon. These colors boded good or evil, like their planets. For the first time, numbers expressed the world order. A legend depicts Pythagoras traveling to Babylon where he is taught the mystery of numbers, their magical significance and power. The seven steps often appear in magical philosophy. The seven steps are: stones, fire, plants, animals, man, the starry heavens, and the angels. Starting with the study of stones, the man of wisdom will attain higher and higher degrees of knowledge, until he will be able to apprehend the sublime, and the eternal. Through ascending these steps, a man would attain the knowledge of God, whose name is at the eighth degree, the threshold of God's heavenly dwelling. The square was also a "mystical" symbol in these times, and though divided into seven, was still respected. This correlated the old tradition of a fourfold world being reconciled with the seven heavens of later times. It is thought that here was the start to numerology, but for this to have developed to the point where they had taken into consideration the square as the fourfold world, it would have had to have developed prior to this. From Mesopotamia lets move over to Persia. Unlike the Mesopotamians, and Egyptians, who believed that all was done with either the favor or lack thereof of the Gods, the Chaldean star religion taught that luck and disaster were no chance events, but were controlled from the heavenly bodies (planets/stars) which send good and bad according to mathematical laws. It was their belief that man was incapable of fighting the will of the planet divinities. Though, the more this system evolved, the more the wise men read ethical values into man's fate. The will of the stars was not completely separate from man's behaviors. The stars were important, but not omnipotent in deciding man's fate. It was believed that the star Sirius would carry messages to the higher gods and he returned to announce their will. Around the 7th Century B.C. Zoroaster, the Median prophet was preaching the doctrines that evil could be avoided and defeated. He brought about the principles of the good and evil spirits. Below, we will look at the beliefs and influences of this man's life which created the religion named after him. The first of the belief structure had to do with Ormazd (Ahura- Mazda) king of light, and his twin brother Ahriman (Anro-Mainyu) prince of darkness. Zoroaster brought about the belief in the "holy war" (that between good and evil.) In this faith, the archangels (the spirits of Divine Wisdom, Righteousness, Dominion, Devotion, Totality, and Salvation) and the demons (the spirits of Anarchy, Apostasy, Presumption, Destruction, Decay, and Fury) were constantly at battle with one another. The archangels were controlled by Ormazd and the demons by Ahriman. This religion had it's belief that in the end, Ormazd and his demons would prevail, but until then, Ormazd would keep the world safe. It is interesting that the last of the demons (the demon of Fury) holds such a hard and fast thought that it was incorporated into the Hebrew and Christian belief structure. The last archdemon's name is Aeshma Daeva also know to the Hebrews as Ashmadai and to Christians as Asmodeus. Asmodeus was the "chief of the fourth hierarchy of evil demons", called "the avengers of wickedness, crimes and misdeeds." He appears with three heads, a bull's, human, and a ram. He has goose feet, and a snake's tail. To appear more frightening, he also exhales fire and rides upon a dragon of hell. It is said that Asmodeus is not to be feared. When you say to him: "In truth thou art Asmodeus," he will give you a wonderful ring. He will teach you geometry, arithmetic, astronomy and mechanics. When questioned, he answers truthfully. The other demons tempt people away from the true worship of Mazda. They are Paromaiti - Arrogance, Mitox - The Falsely Spoken Word, Zaurvan - Decrepitude, Akatasa - Meddlesomeness, Vereno - Lust. Much of the current day Christian beliefs were taken from this man's religion. (That of good and evil forces, the redemption, the "savior" factor, etc.) From here, let us move on to Egypt where we will look at other mystical symbols and more history of magic and the craft. The Sphinx was a mythological creature with lion's body and human head, an important image in Egyptian and Greek art and legend. The word sphinx was derived by Greek grammarians from the verb sphingein (to bind or squeeze), but the etymology is not related to the legend and is dubious. The winged sphinx of Boeotian Thebes, the most famous in legend, was said to have terrorized the people by demanding the answer to a riddle. If the person answered incorrectly, he or she was eaten by the sphinx. It is said that Oedipus answered properly where upon the sphinx killed herself. The earliest and most famous example in art is the colossal Sphinx at Giza, Egypt. It dates from the reign of King Khafre (4th king of 4th dynasty; c. 2550 b.c.) The Sphinx did not occur in Mesopotamia until around 1500 b.c. when it was imported from the Levant. In appearance, the Asian sphinx differed from its Egyptian model mostly in the addition of wings to the leonine body. This feature continued through its history in Asia and the Greek world. Another version of the sphinx was that of the female. This appeared in the 15th century b.c. on seals, ivories and metalworkings. They were portrayed in the sitting position usually with one paw raised. Frequently, they were seen with a lion, griffin or another sphinx. The appearance of the sphinx on temples and the like eventually lead to a possible interpretation of the sphinx as a protective symbol as well as a philosophical one. The Sphinx rests at the foot of the 3 pyramids of Khufu, Khafre, and Menkure. It talons stretch over the city of the dead as it guards its secrets. The myth goes that a prince who later became Thutmose IV, took a nap in the shadow of the half-submerged Sphinx. As he slept, the Sun-god (whom the Sphinx represents, appeared to him in a dream. Speaking to him as a son, he told the prince that he would succeed to the throne and enjoy a long and happy reign. He urged the prince to have the Sphinx cleared of the sand. In his book on Isis and Osiris, Plutarch (A.D. 45-126) says that the Sphinx symbolizes the secret of occult wisdom, though Plutarch never unveiled the mysteries of the Sphinx. It is said that the magic of the Sphinx lies within the thousands of hands that chiseled at the rock. The thoughts of countless generations dwell in it; numberless conjurations and rites have built up in it a mighty protective spirit, a soul that still inhabits this time-scarred giant. Another well know superstition of the peoples of Ancient Egypt was that regarding their dead. They believed that in the West lies the World of the Dead, where the Sun-god disappears every evening. The departed were referred to as "Westerners." It was believed that, disguised as birds, the dead soar into the sky where in his heavenly barge Ra, the Sun- god, awaits them and transforms them into stars to travel with him through the vault of the heavens. The cult of the dead reached it's height when it incorporated the Osiris myth. Osiris was born to save mankind. At his nativity, a voice was heard proclaiming that the Lord had come into the world (sound familiar?). But his brother/father Seth shut him up in a chest which he carried to the sea by the Tanaitic mouth of the Nile. Isis brought him back to life. Seth then scattered his body all over the place. It is said that Isis fastened the limbs together with the help of the gods Nephtis, Thoth, and Horus, her son. Fanning the body with her wings, and through her magic, Osiris rose again to reign as king over the dead. The Egyptian believed that a person had two souls. The soul known as Ba is the one that progressed into the afterlife while the Ka remains with the mummy. The Ka is believed to live a magical life within the grave. Thus the Egyptians placed miniature belongings of the deceased into the tomb. Such items as images, statuettes, imitation utensils, and miniature houses take the place of the real thing. They believed that the Ka would use these as the real item because the mortuary priests possessed magic that would make them real for the dead. The priests believed that the gods could be deceived, menaced and forced into obedience. They had such trust in the power of magic, the virtue of the spoken word, the irresistibility of magic gestures and other ritual, that they hoped to bend even the good gods to their will. They would bring retribution to the deities who failed to deal leniently with the dead. They threatened to shoot lightning into the are of Shu, god of the air, who would then no longer be able to support the sky-goddess, and her star-sown body would collapse, disrupting the order of all things. When Ikhnaton overthrew the Egyptian gods and demons, making the cult of the One God Aton, a state religion, he also suppressed mortuary magic. Ikhnaton did not believe in life after death. As Christianity became a part of this nation, there is much evidence to show where the Christians of the time, and the pagans lived peacefully together. In theology, the differences between early Christians, Gnostics (members - often Christian - of dualistic sects of the 2nd century a.d.), and pagan Hermeticists were slight. In the large Gnostic library discovered at Naj'Hammadi, in upper Egypt, in 1945, Hermetic writings were found side by side with Christian Gnostic texts. The doctrine of the soul taught in Gnostic communities was almost identical to that taught in the mysteries: the soul emanated from the Father, fell into the body, and had to return to its former home. It was not until later in Rome that things took a change for the worse. Which moves us on to Greece. The doctrinal similarity is exemplified in the case of the pagan writer and philosopher Synesius. When the people of Cyrene wanted the most able man of the city to be their bishop, they chose Synesius, a pagan. He was able to accept the election without sacrificing his intellectual honesty. In his pagan period, he wrote hymns that follow the fire theology of the Chaldean Oracles. Later he wrote hymns to Christ. The doctrine is almost identical. To attempt to demonstrate this...let's go to some BASIC tenets and beliefs of the two religions: Christian Beliefs The 10 Commandments 1.) You shall have no other gods before me. To the Christian, this means there will be no other God. Yet, in the bible, the phrase is plural. I does not state that you will not have another god, it says that you will have no other gods before the Christian God. In the case of the later, it could be interpreted to mean that whereas other gods can be recognized, as a Christian, this person should place YHVH ahead of all gods recognizing him/her as the supreme being of all. 2.) You shall not worship idols Actually, what it says in the New International Version is "You shall not make for yourself an idol in the form of anything in heaven above or on the earth beneath or in the waters below. You shall not bow down to them or worship them; for I, the Lord your God, am a jealous God, punishing the children for the sin of the fathers to the third and fourth generation of those who hate me, but showing love to thousands who love me and keep my commandments. 3.) You shall not take the name of the lord in vain. This one is pretty self explanatory. When a person is calling on the lord he/she is asking the lord for guidance or action. Thus, the phrase "God damn it!" can be translated into a person asking the lord to condemn whatever "it" is to hell. The phrase "To damn" means to condemn to hell. In modern society, several phrases such as the following are common usage: "Oh God!", "God forbid!", "God damn it!", "God have mercy!" Each of these is asking God to perform some act upon or for the speaker with the exception of "Oh God!" which is asking for Gods attention. 4.) Remember the Sabbath and keep it holy. Depending on which religion you are looking at (i.e. Jewish, from which the 10 commandments come; or Christianity, which adapted them for their use as well.) the Sabbath is either Saturday or Sunday. You may also take a look at the various mythological pantheons to correlate which is the first and last days of the week...(i.e. Sun - Sunday.. Genesis 1:3 "And God said, "Let there be light,' and there was light., Moon - Monday.. Genesis 1:14 "And God said,"Let there be lights in the expanse of the sky to separate the day from the night, and let them serve as signs to mark seasons and days and years, 15 and let them be lights in the expanse of the sky to give light on the earth." And it was so. 16 God made two great lights - the greater light to govern the day and the lesser light to govern the night. He also made the stars." Thus the Sun was created first. With the day of the Sun being the first in the week, then Saturday would be the 7th or Sabbath. 5.) Honor thy mother and thy father. This is another that is fairly self explanatory. It is any parent's right after spending the time to raise you to expect that you respect them. 6.) You shall not murder. This does not say "You shall not murder...except in my name." It says YOU SHALL NOT MURDER. PERIOD. Out of the 10 commandments, I have found that over the course of history, this one has been the most ignored. As we look as the spread of Christianity from around 300 A.D. forward, we find that as politics moved into the church and those in charge of man's "souls" were given more control that this one commandment sort of went out the window. We see such things as the Crusades, the inquisition, and the dominating fear that was placed into the Christian "psyche" that one should destroy that which is not like you. Even though we here stories about the "witch trials", and the "witch burnings" etc....There were actually very few "Witches" tried or burned. Most of these poor souls were that of Protestant beliefs (Against the Catholic Church) yet still maintained that they were Christians. But...more on this later. 7.) You shall not commit adultery. You can look up the meaning in the dictionary, and this one becomes pretty self-evident. What it comes down to is that no person who has ever been divorced can marry again, and you don't have sex with someone that you are not married to. 8.) You shall not steal. Again, enough said. However...don't go looking at Constantine to be obeying this one! The Pagan temples were looted to make his coinage. 9.) You shall not give false witness against thy neighbor Again, during the times of the inquisition, this also went out the window. Such tools as torture were used to pull confessions from these poor people who then signed statements that the inquisitors had written up saying that they freely signed this document. Of course...the inquisitors stated that this person was not tortured, but it was his clever wit that had extracted this confession. It was also during this time that persons, refusing to take responsibility for their own actions or accept that nature does in fact create strange circumstances...(i.e. drought, flood, etc.) and the resulting illness and bug infestations. Very often, as the Witch-craze developed stronger, the one neighbor would accuse another of Witchcraft and destroying the fields or making their child sick, or whatever. 10.)You shall not covet your neighbor. On the surface, this one is pretty self explanatory. Don't crave your neighbor's possessions. Yes...I can relate this back to the inquisitional times as well since most of the accused's property reverted back to the Catholic church at this time...there were several accused and convicted of Witchcraft simply because they would not sell their property to the church. However...How does this effect persons today? How far do we carry the "Thou shalt not covet..."? This can be even so much as a want, however is it a sin to want a toy like your neighbor has? If so...we're all in trouble. How many of us "want" that Porsche that we see driving down the road? Or how about that beautiful house that we just drove past? Do we carry this commandment to this extreme? If so...I pity the person that can live by it for what that would say is "Thou shalt not DREAM."